Since the 1960s, the intellectuals have been telling us that power is not concentrated in the state alone. Usually, the phrase is uttered by the intellectuals who exercise a certain degree of power and well connected to the people who exercise a higher degree of power. They rather prevent the world from being “passively ruled by its rulers or by those who want to teach them what to think once and for all.”2 This is because, as the Egyptian filmmaker Youssef Chahine tells us at the end of his Destiny (1997), “ideas have wings, no one can stop their flight.” None of these statements imply that speaking truth to power is the task of the intellectuals in general or “true intellectuals” in particular. In response to Marx’s statement that “the ideas of the ruling class are in every epoch the ruling ideas, i.e., the class which is the ruling material force of society, is at the same time its ruling intellectual force,”1 Foucault claimed that ideas do not rule the world. This Palgrave Macmillan imprint is published by the registered company Springer Nature Switzerland AG The registered company address is: GewerbestraCham, Switzerland The publisher remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations. Neither the publisher nor the authors or the editors give a warranty, expressed or implied, with respect to the material contained herein or for any errors or omissions that may have been made. The publisher, the authors and the editors are safe to assume that the advice and information in this book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication. in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use. The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. All rights are solely and exclusively licensed by the Publisher, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any other physical way, and transmission or information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed. ISBN 978-7-9 ISBN 978-8-6 (eBook) © The Editor(s) (if applicable) and The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2021 This work is subject to copyright. Public Intellectuals and Their Discontents From Europe to Iran Public Intellectuals and Their Discontents Public Intellectuals and Their Discontents From Europe to Iran Yadullah Shahibzadeh Nationalist and Socialist Conception of the IntellectualĨ A Perfect Democracy and Its IntellectualsĪ Short History of the Integration of the Intellectuals into the State The Intellectual and Cultural Imperialismħ The Intellectuals and the Last Revolution Intellectuals and the Wretched of the EarthĤ From the Universal to the Specific Intellectual Incorporation of Human and Social Sciences into the Modern State The Intellectual as Democrat and Communist
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